1952
Felix Bloch : Switzerland : for their development of new methods nuclear magnetic precision
Edward Mills Purcell : United States : measurements and discoveries in connection therewith
1953
Frits Zernike : Netherlands : for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope
1954
Max Born : Germany/ 1939 United Kingdom : for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction.
Walther Bothe : West Germany : for the concidence method and his discoveries made therewith
1955
Willis Eugene Lamb : United States : for his discoveries concern the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum ( Lamb shift )
Polykarp Kusch : United States : for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron
1956
William Bradford Shockley, John Bardeen & Walter Houser Brattain : United States : for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect
1957
Chen Ning Yang : People's Republic of China : for their penetrating investigation of the so-called
Tsung-Dao Lee : United States : parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles
1958
Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, Il'ya Frank & Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm : Soviet Union : for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov-Vavilov effect
1959
Emilio Gino Segre & Owen Chamberlain : Unites States : for their discovery of the antiproton
1960
Donald Arthur Glaser : United States : for the invention of the "bubble chamber"
1961
Roberty Hofstadter : United States : for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons.
Rudolf Ludwig Mossbauer : West Germany : for his researches concerning the resonance absorbtion of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name " Mossbauer effect"
1962
Lev Davidovich Landau : Soviet Union : for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium.
1963
Eugene Paul Waigner : Hungary/ United States : for his contribution to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles.
Maria Goeppert-Mayer : United States : for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell
J. Hans D. Jensen : West Germany : structure.
1964
Charles Hard Townes : United States : for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics,
Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov : Soviet Union : which has led to the construction of oscillators and Aleksandr Prokhorov : Australia/Soviet Union : amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle.
1965
Sin-Itiro Tomonaga : Japan : for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with
Julian Schwinger : United States : deepploughing consequences for the physics of
Richard Phillips Feynman : United States : elementary particles.
1966
Alfred Kastler : France : for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms.
1967
Hans Albrecht Bethe : United States : for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars.
1968
Luis Walter Alvarez : United States : fir his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis.
1969
Murray Gell-Mann : United States : for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interctions ( Eightfoly way).
1970
Hannes Olof Gosta Alfven : Sweden : for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics.
Louis Eugene Felix Neel : France : for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics.
1971
Dennis Gabor : United Kingdom : for his invention and development of the holographic method.
1972
John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper & John Robert Schrieffer : United States : for their joinly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory.
1973
Leo Esaki : Japan : for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in
Ivar Giaever : Norway/United States : semiconductors and superconductors, respectively.
Brian David Josephson : United Kingdom : for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the josephson effect.
1974
Martin Ryle & Antony Hewish : United Kingdom : for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars.
1975
Aage Niels Bhor & Ben Roy Mottelson : Denmark : for the discovery of the connection between of Leo James Rainwater : United States : the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection.
1976
Burton Richter & Samuel Chao Chung Ting : United States : for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind. It confirmed the idea that baryonic matter is made out of quarks.
1977
Philip Warren Anderson & John Hasbrouck van Vleck : United States : for their fundamental
Nevill Francis Mott : United Kingdom : theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of mahnetic and disordered system
1978
Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa : Soviet Union : for his basic invention and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics.
Arno Allan Penzias & Robert Woodrow Wilson : United States : for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation.
1979
Sheldon Lee Glashow & Steven Weinberg : United States : for their contributions to the theory of Abdus Salam : Pakistan : the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementry particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current.
1980
James Watson Cronin & Val Logsdon Fitch : Untied States : for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons ( CP-violation).
1981
Nicolaas Bloembergen & Arthur Leonard Schawlow : United States : for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy.
Kai Manne Borje Siegbahn : Sweden : for his contribution to the development of high resolution electron spectroscopy.
1982
Kenneth G. Wilson : United States : for his theory for critical phenomina in connection with phase transitions.
1983
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar: India/United States : for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars ( Chandrasekhar limit).
William Alfred Fowler : United States : for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe.
1984
Carlo Rubbia : Italy : for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the
Simon van der Meer : Netherlands : discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction.
1985
Klaus von Klitzing : West Germany : for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect.
1986
Ernst Ruska : West Germany : for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope.
Gerd Binnig : West Germany : for their design of the scanning tunneling
Heinrich Rohrer : Switzerland : microscope.
1987
Johannes Georg Bednorz : West Germany : for their important break-through in the discovery
Karl Alexander Muller : Switzerland : of superconductivity in cerimic materials.
1988
Leon Max Lederman, Melvin Schwartz & Jack Steinberger : United States : for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino.
1989
Norman Foster Ramsey : United States : for the invention of the sperated oscillatory fields method and its used in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks.
Hans Georg Dehmelt : United States : for the development of
Wolfgang Paul : West Germany : the ion trap technique.
1990
Jerome I. Friedman & HenryWay Kendall : United States : for their pioneering investigations
Richard E. Taylor : Canada : concerning deep inelastic scettering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics.
1991
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes : France : for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers.
1992
Georges Charpak : France : for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber.
1993
Russel Alan Hulse & Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. : United States : for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation.
1994
Bertram Brockhouse : Canada : for the development of neutron spectroscopy and for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scettering techniques for studies of condense matter.
Clifford Glenwood Shull : United States : for the development of the neutron diffraction technique and for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scettering techniques for studies of condense matter.
1995
Martin Lewis Perl : United States : for the discovery of the tau lepton and for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics.
Frederick Reines : United States : for the detection of the neutrino and for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics.
1996
David Morris Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff & Robert Coleman Richardson : United States : for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3.
1997
Steven Chu : United States : for development of methods to
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji : France : cool and trap atoms with
William Daniel Phillips : United States : laser light ( Laser cooling )
1998
Robert B. Laughlin : United States : for their discovery of a new form of
Horst Ludwig Stormer : Germany : quantum fluid with
Daniel Chee Tsui : United States : fractionally charged excitations ( Quantum Hall effect )
1999
Gerardus 't Hooft & Martinus J.G. Veltman : Netherlands : for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics.
2000
Zhores Ivanovich Alferov : Russia : for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in
Herbert Kroemer : Germany : high-speed and optoelectronics.
Jack St. Clair Kilby : United States : for his part in the invention of the intergrated circuit.
2001
Eric Allin Cornell : United States : for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute
Wolfgang Ketterle : Germany : gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of
Carl Edwin Wieman : United States : the properties of the condensates.
2002
Raymond Davis Jr. : United States : for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for Masatoshi Koshiba : Japan : the detection of cosmic neutrinos.
Riccardo Giacconi : United States : for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources.
2003
Alexei Alexeevich Abrikosov : Russia : for pioneering contributions to the
Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg : Russia : theory of superconductors and
ony JamesAnth Leggett : United Kingdom : superfluids.
2004
David J. Gross, H. David Politzer & Frank Wilczek : United States : for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction.
2005
Roy J. Glauber : United States : for his contribution to the theory of optical coherence
John L. Hall : United States : for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision
Theodor W. Hansch : Germany : spectroscopy, including the optical freequincy comb technique.
2006
MJohn C. ather & George F. Smoot : United States : for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation.
2007
Albert Fert : France : for the discovery of
Peter Grunberg : Germany : giant magnetoresistance.
Felix Bloch : Switzerland : for their development of new methods nuclear magnetic precision
Edward Mills Purcell : United States : measurements and discoveries in connection therewith
1953
Frits Zernike : Netherlands : for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope
1954
Max Born : Germany/ 1939 United Kingdom : for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction.
Walther Bothe : West Germany : for the concidence method and his discoveries made therewith
1955
Willis Eugene Lamb : United States : for his discoveries concern the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum ( Lamb shift )
Polykarp Kusch : United States : for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron
1956
William Bradford Shockley, John Bardeen & Walter Houser Brattain : United States : for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect
1957
Chen Ning Yang : People's Republic of China : for their penetrating investigation of the so-called
Tsung-Dao Lee : United States : parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles
1958
Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, Il'ya Frank & Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm : Soviet Union : for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov-Vavilov effect
1959
Emilio Gino Segre & Owen Chamberlain : Unites States : for their discovery of the antiproton
1960
Donald Arthur Glaser : United States : for the invention of the "bubble chamber"
1961
Roberty Hofstadter : United States : for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons.
Rudolf Ludwig Mossbauer : West Germany : for his researches concerning the resonance absorbtion of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name " Mossbauer effect"
1962
Lev Davidovich Landau : Soviet Union : for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium.
1963
Eugene Paul Waigner : Hungary/ United States : for his contribution to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles.
Maria Goeppert-Mayer : United States : for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell
J. Hans D. Jensen : West Germany : structure.
1964
Charles Hard Townes : United States : for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics,
Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov : Soviet Union : which has led to the construction of oscillators and Aleksandr Prokhorov : Australia/Soviet Union : amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle.
1965
Sin-Itiro Tomonaga : Japan : for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with
Julian Schwinger : United States : deepploughing consequences for the physics of
Richard Phillips Feynman : United States : elementary particles.
1966
Alfred Kastler : France : for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms.
1967
Hans Albrecht Bethe : United States : for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars.
1968
Luis Walter Alvarez : United States : fir his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis.
1969
Murray Gell-Mann : United States : for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interctions ( Eightfoly way).
1970
Hannes Olof Gosta Alfven : Sweden : for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics.
Louis Eugene Felix Neel : France : for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics.
1971
Dennis Gabor : United Kingdom : for his invention and development of the holographic method.
1972
John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper & John Robert Schrieffer : United States : for their joinly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory.
1973
Leo Esaki : Japan : for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in
Ivar Giaever : Norway/United States : semiconductors and superconductors, respectively.
Brian David Josephson : United Kingdom : for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the josephson effect.
1974
Martin Ryle & Antony Hewish : United Kingdom : for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars.
1975
Aage Niels Bhor & Ben Roy Mottelson : Denmark : for the discovery of the connection between of Leo James Rainwater : United States : the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection.
1976
Burton Richter & Samuel Chao Chung Ting : United States : for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind. It confirmed the idea that baryonic matter is made out of quarks.
1977
Philip Warren Anderson & John Hasbrouck van Vleck : United States : for their fundamental
Nevill Francis Mott : United Kingdom : theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of mahnetic and disordered system
1978
Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa : Soviet Union : for his basic invention and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics.
Arno Allan Penzias & Robert Woodrow Wilson : United States : for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation.
1979
Sheldon Lee Glashow & Steven Weinberg : United States : for their contributions to the theory of Abdus Salam : Pakistan : the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementry particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current.
1980
James Watson Cronin & Val Logsdon Fitch : Untied States : for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons ( CP-violation).
1981
Nicolaas Bloembergen & Arthur Leonard Schawlow : United States : for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy.
Kai Manne Borje Siegbahn : Sweden : for his contribution to the development of high resolution electron spectroscopy.
1982
Kenneth G. Wilson : United States : for his theory for critical phenomina in connection with phase transitions.
1983
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar: India/United States : for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars ( Chandrasekhar limit).
William Alfred Fowler : United States : for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe.
1984
Carlo Rubbia : Italy : for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the
Simon van der Meer : Netherlands : discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction.
1985
Klaus von Klitzing : West Germany : for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect.
1986
Ernst Ruska : West Germany : for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope.
Gerd Binnig : West Germany : for their design of the scanning tunneling
Heinrich Rohrer : Switzerland : microscope.
1987
Johannes Georg Bednorz : West Germany : for their important break-through in the discovery
Karl Alexander Muller : Switzerland : of superconductivity in cerimic materials.
1988
Leon Max Lederman, Melvin Schwartz & Jack Steinberger : United States : for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino.
1989
Norman Foster Ramsey : United States : for the invention of the sperated oscillatory fields method and its used in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks.
Hans Georg Dehmelt : United States : for the development of
Wolfgang Paul : West Germany : the ion trap technique.
1990
Jerome I. Friedman & HenryWay Kendall : United States : for their pioneering investigations
Richard E. Taylor : Canada : concerning deep inelastic scettering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics.
1991
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes : France : for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers.
1992
Georges Charpak : France : for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber.
1993
Russel Alan Hulse & Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. : United States : for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation.
1994
Bertram Brockhouse : Canada : for the development of neutron spectroscopy and for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scettering techniques for studies of condense matter.
Clifford Glenwood Shull : United States : for the development of the neutron diffraction technique and for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scettering techniques for studies of condense matter.
1995
Martin Lewis Perl : United States : for the discovery of the tau lepton and for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics.
Frederick Reines : United States : for the detection of the neutrino and for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics.
1996
David Morris Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff & Robert Coleman Richardson : United States : for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3.
1997
Steven Chu : United States : for development of methods to
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji : France : cool and trap atoms with
William Daniel Phillips : United States : laser light ( Laser cooling )
1998
Robert B. Laughlin : United States : for their discovery of a new form of
Horst Ludwig Stormer : Germany : quantum fluid with
Daniel Chee Tsui : United States : fractionally charged excitations ( Quantum Hall effect )
1999
Gerardus 't Hooft & Martinus J.G. Veltman : Netherlands : for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics.
2000
Zhores Ivanovich Alferov : Russia : for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in
Herbert Kroemer : Germany : high-speed and optoelectronics.
Jack St. Clair Kilby : United States : for his part in the invention of the intergrated circuit.
2001
Eric Allin Cornell : United States : for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute
Wolfgang Ketterle : Germany : gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of
Carl Edwin Wieman : United States : the properties of the condensates.
2002
Raymond Davis Jr. : United States : for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for Masatoshi Koshiba : Japan : the detection of cosmic neutrinos.
Riccardo Giacconi : United States : for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources.
2003
Alexei Alexeevich Abrikosov : Russia : for pioneering contributions to the
Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg : Russia : theory of superconductors and
ony JamesAnth Leggett : United Kingdom : superfluids.
2004
David J. Gross, H. David Politzer & Frank Wilczek : United States : for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction.
2005
Roy J. Glauber : United States : for his contribution to the theory of optical coherence
John L. Hall : United States : for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision
Theodor W. Hansch : Germany : spectroscopy, including the optical freequincy comb technique.
2006
MJohn C. ather & George F. Smoot : United States : for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation.
2007
Albert Fert : France : for the discovery of
Peter Grunberg : Germany : giant magnetoresistance.
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