1961
Melvin Calvin : United States : for his research on carbon dioxide assimilation in plants.
1962
Max Ferdinand Perutz & John Cowdery Kendrew : United Kingdom : for their studies of the structures of globular proteins.
1963
Karl Ziegler : West Germany : for their discoveries relating to
Giulio Natta : Italy : high polymers.
1964
Dorthy Crowfoot Hodgkin : United Kingdom : for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structure of important biochemical substances.
1965
Robert Burns Woodward : United States : for his achievements in organis synthesis.
1966
Robert Sanderson Mulliken : United States : for his work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules.
1967
Manfred Eigen : West Germany : for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected
Ronald G. W. Norrish & George Porter : United Kingdom : by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy.
1968
Lars Onsager : Norway/United States : for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name.
1969
Derek H. R. Barton : United Kingdom : for their contributions to the development of the
Odd Hassel : Norway : concept of conformation.
1970
Luis F. Leloir : Argentina : for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates.
1971
Gerhard Herzberg : Canada : for his contributions to electronic structure and the geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals.
1972
Christian B. Anfinsen : United States : for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation.
Stanford Moore & William H. Stein : United States : for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule.
1973
Ernst Otto Fischer : West Germany : for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the
Geoffrey Wilkinson : United Kingdom : chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds.
1974
Paul J. Flory : United States : for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules.
1975
John Warcup Cornfort : Australia/United Kingdom : for his work on the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions.
Vladimir Prelog : Croatia/Switzerland : for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions.
1976
William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr. : United States : for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating froblems of chemical bonding.
1977
Ilya Prigogine : Belgium : for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures.
1978
Peter D. Mitchell : United Kingdom : for his contribution to the understaning of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory.
1979
Herbert C. Brown : United States : for their development of the use of boron and phosphorus
Georg Wittig : West Germany : containing compounds, respectively, into reagents in organic synthesis.
1980
Paul Berg : United States : for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular redard to recombinant-DNA.
Walter Gilbert : United States : for their contributions concerning the determination of base
Frederick Sanger : United Kingdom : sequences in nucleic acids.
1981
Kenichi Fukui : Japan : for their theories concerning the course of
Roald Hoffmann : United States : chemical reactions.
1982
Aaron Klug : South Africa/United Kingdom : for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes.
1983
Henry Taube : United States : for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions.
1984
Robert Bruce Merrifield : United States : for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix.
1985
Herbert A. Hauptman & Jerome Karle : United States : for their achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures.
1986
Dudley R. Herschbach : United States : for their contributions concerning
Yuan T. Lee : Taiwan/United States : the dynamics of chemical
John C. Polanyi : Canada : elementary processes.
1987
Donald J. Cram & Charles J. Pedersen : United States : for their development and use of
Jean-Marie Lehn : France : molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity.
1988
Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber & Hartmut Michel : West Germany : for their determination of the three-demensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre.
1989
Sidney Altmen : Canada/United States : for their discovery of
Thomas R. Cech : United States : catalytic properties of RNA.
1990
Elias James Corey : United States : for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis.
1991
Richard R. Ernst : Switzerland : for his contributions to the development of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
1992
Rudolph A. Marcus : United States : for his contribution to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems.
1993
Kary B. Mullis : United States : for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.
Michael Smith : Canada : for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies.
1994
George A. Olah : Hungary/United States : for his contribution to carbocation chemistry.
1995
Paul J. Crutzen : Netherlands : for their work in
Mario J. Molina : Mexico : atmospheric chemistry, in
F. Sherwood Rowland : United States : particular ozone depletion.
1996
Robert Carl & Richard Smalley : United States : for their
Sir Harold Kroto : United Kingdom : discovery of fullerenes.
1997
Paul D. Boyer : United States : for their elucidation of the enzymetic mechanism underlying
John E. Walker : United Kingdom : the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate.
Jens C. Skou : Denmark : for his discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme.
1998
Walter Kohn : United States : for hi development of the density funtional theory.
John A. Pople : United Kingdom : for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry.
1999
Ahmed H. Zewail : Egypt/United States : for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy and plastic studies.
2000
Alan J. Heeger : United States : for their discovery and
Alan G. MacDiarmid : New Zealand/United States : development of
Hideki Shirakawa : Japan : conductive polymers.
2001
William S. Knowles : United States : for their work on chirally catalysed
Ryoji Noyori : Japan : hydrogenation reactions.
K. Barry Sharpless : United States : for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reaction, Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation.
2002
John B. Fenn : United States : for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for
Koichi Tanaka : Japan : mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules.
Kurt Wuthrich : Switzerland : for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution.
2003
Peter Agre : United States : for the discovery of water channels.
Roderick MacKinnon : United States : for structural and mechanistic studies of ions channels.
2004
Aaron Ciechanover & Avram Hershko : Israel : for the discovery of
Irwin Rose : United States : ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation.
2005
Robert Grubbs & Richard Schrock : United States : for the development of the
Yves Chauvin : France : metathesis method in organic synthesis.
2006
Roger D. Kornberg : United Stated : for his studies of molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription.
2007
Gerhard Ertl : Germany : for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces.
Melvin Calvin : United States : for his research on carbon dioxide assimilation in plants.
1962
Max Ferdinand Perutz & John Cowdery Kendrew : United Kingdom : for their studies of the structures of globular proteins.
1963
Karl Ziegler : West Germany : for their discoveries relating to
Giulio Natta : Italy : high polymers.
1964
Dorthy Crowfoot Hodgkin : United Kingdom : for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structure of important biochemical substances.
1965
Robert Burns Woodward : United States : for his achievements in organis synthesis.
1966
Robert Sanderson Mulliken : United States : for his work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules.
1967
Manfred Eigen : West Germany : for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected
Ronald G. W. Norrish & George Porter : United Kingdom : by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy.
1968
Lars Onsager : Norway/United States : for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name.
1969
Derek H. R. Barton : United Kingdom : for their contributions to the development of the
Odd Hassel : Norway : concept of conformation.
1970
Luis F. Leloir : Argentina : for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates.
1971
Gerhard Herzberg : Canada : for his contributions to electronic structure and the geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals.
1972
Christian B. Anfinsen : United States : for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation.
Stanford Moore & William H. Stein : United States : for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule.
1973
Ernst Otto Fischer : West Germany : for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the
Geoffrey Wilkinson : United Kingdom : chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds.
1974
Paul J. Flory : United States : for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules.
1975
John Warcup Cornfort : Australia/United Kingdom : for his work on the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions.
Vladimir Prelog : Croatia/Switzerland : for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions.
1976
William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr. : United States : for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating froblems of chemical bonding.
1977
Ilya Prigogine : Belgium : for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures.
1978
Peter D. Mitchell : United Kingdom : for his contribution to the understaning of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory.
1979
Herbert C. Brown : United States : for their development of the use of boron and phosphorus
Georg Wittig : West Germany : containing compounds, respectively, into reagents in organic synthesis.
1980
Paul Berg : United States : for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular redard to recombinant-DNA.
Walter Gilbert : United States : for their contributions concerning the determination of base
Frederick Sanger : United Kingdom : sequences in nucleic acids.
1981
Kenichi Fukui : Japan : for their theories concerning the course of
Roald Hoffmann : United States : chemical reactions.
1982
Aaron Klug : South Africa/United Kingdom : for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes.
1983
Henry Taube : United States : for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions.
1984
Robert Bruce Merrifield : United States : for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix.
1985
Herbert A. Hauptman & Jerome Karle : United States : for their achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures.
1986
Dudley R. Herschbach : United States : for their contributions concerning
Yuan T. Lee : Taiwan/United States : the dynamics of chemical
John C. Polanyi : Canada : elementary processes.
1987
Donald J. Cram & Charles J. Pedersen : United States : for their development and use of
Jean-Marie Lehn : France : molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity.
1988
Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber & Hartmut Michel : West Germany : for their determination of the three-demensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre.
1989
Sidney Altmen : Canada/United States : for their discovery of
Thomas R. Cech : United States : catalytic properties of RNA.
1990
Elias James Corey : United States : for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis.
1991
Richard R. Ernst : Switzerland : for his contributions to the development of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
1992
Rudolph A. Marcus : United States : for his contribution to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems.
1993
Kary B. Mullis : United States : for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.
Michael Smith : Canada : for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies.
1994
George A. Olah : Hungary/United States : for his contribution to carbocation chemistry.
1995
Paul J. Crutzen : Netherlands : for their work in
Mario J. Molina : Mexico : atmospheric chemistry, in
F. Sherwood Rowland : United States : particular ozone depletion.
1996
Robert Carl & Richard Smalley : United States : for their
Sir Harold Kroto : United Kingdom : discovery of fullerenes.
1997
Paul D. Boyer : United States : for their elucidation of the enzymetic mechanism underlying
John E. Walker : United Kingdom : the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate.
Jens C. Skou : Denmark : for his discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme.
1998
Walter Kohn : United States : for hi development of the density funtional theory.
John A. Pople : United Kingdom : for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry.
1999
Ahmed H. Zewail : Egypt/United States : for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy and plastic studies.
2000
Alan J. Heeger : United States : for their discovery and
Alan G. MacDiarmid : New Zealand/United States : development of
Hideki Shirakawa : Japan : conductive polymers.
2001
William S. Knowles : United States : for their work on chirally catalysed
Ryoji Noyori : Japan : hydrogenation reactions.
K. Barry Sharpless : United States : for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reaction, Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation.
2002
John B. Fenn : United States : for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for
Koichi Tanaka : Japan : mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules.
Kurt Wuthrich : Switzerland : for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution.
2003
Peter Agre : United States : for the discovery of water channels.
Roderick MacKinnon : United States : for structural and mechanistic studies of ions channels.
2004
Aaron Ciechanover & Avram Hershko : Israel : for the discovery of
Irwin Rose : United States : ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation.
2005
Robert Grubbs & Richard Schrock : United States : for the development of the
Yves Chauvin : France : metathesis method in organic synthesis.
2006
Roger D. Kornberg : United Stated : for his studies of molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription.
2007
Gerhard Ertl : Germany : for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces.
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