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Showing posts with label Historical. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Historical. Show all posts
2011-03-18
Lunglei Zotlangah Ruang Chhar
Buannel
2010-11-11
Tallest Jesus statue - Christ the King Monument sets World Record
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| Jesus Christ Statue |
World Records Academy
2010-11-04
Krista tuarna ka ngaihtuahin
By Denis Lalfela, Rome
Juda mi ten misual thah nana an hman uar ber chu lung a den hlum a ni. Hebrai mite thuziak atangin inhà lna leh innghaisaknate pawh an hmang tih hriat a ni. Mak tak mai chu, kraws a inkhenbeh hi Juda miten an uar ve tlat lo. Chutih rualin Rome mite chuan kraws a misual khenbeh chu an uar em em thung. Mi hnuaihnung zawk te, chhiahhlawhte, rùkrute, tuatthatte leh ram awptu laka helte chu an khengbet tlangpui. Chutiang zingah kan Lalpa chu telin thihna rapthlak leh mualpho thlak ber a tuar a ni. Kraws a inkhenbeh chu tihnamai lo tak, tlawm thlak ngawih ngawih a ni. Chutianga danin thiamloh a chantirte chu an khenbeh hmain nasa takin an nghaisa thin. Lal Isua tuarna namen lo chu kan mitthla thei awm e; lung pawh a tichhe hle mai tirawh u! Mahse Isuan a Pa thu a awih em avangin heng zawng zawng hi a tuar hmiah hmiah a; kan chhandamna atana a inpekna chu a tawp thlengin a hlen ta a ni. A thihna chuan a zuitute chu hmelmate nuih tizatu ah a siam a. Mahse thihna chu a tawpna a ni si lo; thihna hnehin a tho leh si. Van kawng atan a inbuatsaihna mai a ni zawk. A thawhlehna hmanga min awmpuina kum hlun chu a hmangaihna thianghlim tak rah chu a ni.
2009-08-12
SHARING INTELLIGENCE
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The members of a new international group formed to help fight the violent MS-13 and 18th Street gangs were meeting for the first time last month at the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia when the reason for the group’s existence became perfectly clear: representatives from El Salvador and Mexico realized they had been tracking the activities of the same MS-13 suspect. Now both countries could benefit from their collective intelligence efforts.
“These gangs are transnational, and right now they pretty much cross our borders for criminal activity at will,” said L.T. Chu, an FBI intelligence analyst with our MS-13 National Gang Task Force and the program manager for the new group—the Central American Intelligence Program (CAIP).
The FBI is involved in investigative partnerships to battle transnational gangs, but CAIP, whose members are primarily from Central America, is the first organization to focus exclusively on intelligence.
At the annual Policia Nacional Civil Anti-Gang conference last spring in El Salvador, Chu said, “We determined that one of our weaknesses was exchange of intelligence. We realized that it was crucial that we set up a forum and a mechanism to exchange this information.”
That thinking is very much in keeping with the Bureau’s overall post 9/11 efforts to become a proactive, intelligence-gathering organization that prevents criminal activity rather than responding to crimes after the fact.
A joint initiative of the FBI and the State Department, CAIP consists of veteran criminal intelligence analysts from the U.S., El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, Mexico, and Canada who work gang-related matters. Besides intelligence sharing, the objective is to standardize reports and other intelligence products and to minimize the communication gaps between countries—gaps that currently allow gang members to operate across borders.
At its first meeting—the group will meet three times a year at rotating host countries—interpreters assisted participants who spoke little English or Spanish. But even with the language barrier, everyone understands the significance of CAIP’s mission.
“Gangs are a huge problem in Guatemala,” said Heber Ramirez, chief of intelligence analysis for Policia Nacional Civil de Guatemala. Through an interpreter he explained, “It is very important that we have established relationships with these countries so that we can track gang activities across borders.” And as CAIP works toward standardizing how intelligence products are produced, he added, “We will be reporting very specific information in very specific ways that everyone can understand.”
Douglas Funes, who heads the transnational gang unit for the Policia Nacional Civil in El Salvador—which includes two embedded FBI agents working gang-related investigations—agreed that CAIP will be a vital weapon in fighting gangs.
El Salvador is “contaminated” by violent gangs, Funes said, and MS-13 alone has some 15,000 members in the country, including many members in the prison population. “Perhaps the most serious problem with MS-13,” he added, “is that they are constantly recruiting new members.”
“MS-13 and 18th Street are developing constantly and changing their methods,” Chu said. “The only way to fight them is to understand their organizations from the top down. And the only way to accomplish that is through cooperative intelligence sharing across borders. That is why CAIP is so important.”
Resources: FBI gangs website
2009-04-11
Good Friday
Good Friday, also called Holy Friday, Great Friday or Black Friday, is a religious holiday observed primarily by adherents to Christianity commemorating the crucifixion of Jesus and his death at Golgotha. The holiday is observed during Holy Week as part of the Paschal Triduum on the Friday preceding Easter Sunday, and often coincides with the Jewish observance of Passover.
Based on the scriptural details of the Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus, the Crucifixion of Jesus was most probably on a Friday. The estimated year of Good Friday is AD 33, by two different groups, and originally as AD 34 by Isaac Newton via the differences between the Biblical and Julian calendars and the crescent of the moon.
Biblical accounts
According to the New Testament, Jesus was arrested in the Garden of Gethsemane by the Temple Guards through the guidance of his disciple, Judas Iscariot. Judas received money (30 pieces of silver) (Matthew 26:14-16) for betraying Jesus and told the guards that whomever he kisses is the one they are to arrest. Jesus is brought to the house of Annas, who is the father-in-law of the current high priest, Caiaphas. There he is interrogated with little result, and sent bound to Caiaphas the high priest, where the Sanhedrin had assembled (John 18:1-24).
Conflicting testimony against Jesus is brought forth by many witnesses, to which Jesus answers nothing. Finally the high priest adjures Jesus to respond under solemn oath, saying "I adjure you, by the Living God, to tell us, are you the Anointed One, the Son of God?" Jesus testifies in the affirmative, "You have said it, and in time you will see the Son of Man seated at the right hand of the Almighty, coming on the clouds of Heaven." The high priest condemns Jesus for blasphemy, and the Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus concurs with a sentence of death (Matthew 26:57-66). Peter also denies Jesus three times during the interrogations. Jesus already knew that Peter would deny him three times. See the article Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus regarding the two trials, one at night, the other in the morning and how their timing may affect the day of Good Friday.
In the morning, the whole assembly brings Jesus to the Roman governor Pontius Pilate, under charges of subverting the nation, opposing taxes to Caesar, and making himself a king (Luke 23:1-2). Pilate authorizes the Jewish leaders to judge Jesus according to their own Law and execute sentencing; however, the Jewish leaders reply that they are not allowed by the Romans to carry out a sentence of death (John 18:31).
Pilate questions Jesus, and tells the assembly that there is no basis for sentencing. Upon learning that Jesus is from Galilee, Pilate refers the case to the ruler of Galilee, King Herod, who was in Jerusalem for the Passover Feast. Herod questions Jesus but receives no answer; Herod sends Jesus back to Pilate. Pilate tells the assembly that neither he nor Herod have found guilt in Jesus; Pilate resolves to have Jesus whipped and released (Luke 23:3-16).
It was a custom during the feast of Passover for the Romans to release one prisoner as requested by the Jews. Pilate asks the crowd who they would like to be released. Under the guidance of the chief priests, the crowd asks for Barabbas, who had been imprisoned for committing murder during an insurrection. Pilate asks what they would have him do with Jesus, and they demand, "Crucify him" (Mark 15:6-14). Pilate's wife had seen Jesus in a dream earlier that day; she forewarns Pilate to "have nothing to do with this righteous man" (Matthew 27:19).
Pilate has Jesus flogged, then brings him out to the crowd to release him. The chief priests inform Pilate of a new charge, demanding Jesus be sentenced to death "because he claimed to be God's son." This possibility filled Pilate with fear, and he brought Jesus back inside the palace and demanded to know from where he came (John 19:1-9).
Coming before the crowd one last time, Pilate declares Jesus innocent, washing his own hands in water to show he has no part in this condemnation. Nevertheless, Pilate hands Jesus over to be crucified in order to forestall a riot (Matthew 27:24-26). The sentence written is "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews." Jesus carries his cross to the site of execution (assisted by Simon of Cyrene), called the place of the Skull, or "Golgotha" in Hebrew and in Latin "Calvary". There he is crucified along with two criminals (John 19:17-22).
Jesus agonizes on the cross for six hours. During his last 3 hours on the cross,from noon to 3pm, there is darkness over the whole land. With a loud cry, Jesus gives up his spirit. There is an earthquake, tombs break open, and the curtain in the Temple is torn from top to bottom. The centurion on guard at the site of crucifixion declares, "Truly this was God's Son!" (Matthew 27:45-54)
Joseph of Arimathea, a member of the Sanhedrin and secret follower of Jesus, who had not consented to his condemnation, goes to Pilate to request the body of Jesus (Luke 23:50-52). Nicodemus, which had also became a secret follower of Christ, brought about a hundred pound weight mixture of spices and helped wrap the body of Christ (John 19:39-40). Pilate asks confirmation from the centurion whether Jesus is dead (Mark 15:44). A soldier pierced the side of Jesus with a lance causing blood and water to flow out (John 19:34), and the centurion informs Pilate that Jesus is dead (Mark 15:45).
Joseph of Arimathea takes the body of Jesus, wraps it in a clean linen shroud, and places it in his own new tomb that had been carved in the rock (Matthew 27:59-60) in a garden near the site of crucifixion. Another secret follower of Jesus and member of the Sanhedrin named Nicodemus (John 3:1) also came bringing 75 pounds of myrrh and aloes, and places them in the linen with the body of Jesus, according to Jewish burial customs (John 19:39-40). They rolled a large rock over the entrance of the tomb (Matthew 27:60). Then they returned home and rested, because at sunset began Shabbat (Luke 23:54-56). On the third day, Sunday, which is now known as Easter Sunday (or Pascha), Jesus rose from the dead.
In the Roman Catholic Church
The Roman Catholic Church treats Good Friday as a fast day, which in the Latin Rite Church is understood as having only one full meal (but smaller than a regular meal - often substituting meat with fish) and two collations (a smaller repast, two of which together do not equal one full meal). In countries where Good Friday is not a day of rest from work, the afternoon liturgical service is usually put off until a few hours after the recommended time of 3 p.m.
The Roman Rite has no celebration of Mass after that of the Lord's Supper on Holy Thursday evening until that of the Easter Vigil, and the only sacraments celebrated are Penance and Anointing of the Sick. While there is no celebration of the Eucharist, Holy Communion is distributed to the faithful only in the Service of the Passion of the Lord, but can be taken at any hour to the sick who are unable to attend this service.
The altar remains completely bare, without cross, candlesticks or altar cloths. It is customary to empty the holy water fonts in preparation of the blessing of the water at the Easter Vigil. Traditionally, no bells are rung on Good Friday or Holy Saturday until the Easter Vigil.
The Celebration of the Passion of the Lord takes place in the afternoon, ideally at three o'clock, but for pastoral reasons a later hour may be chosen. The vestments used are red. Before 1970, they were black except for the Communion part of the rite, for which violet was used, and before 1955 black was used throughout. If a bishop celebrates, he wears a plain mitre.
The liturgy consists of three parts: the Liturgy of the Word, the Veneration of the Cross, and Holy Communion.
The first part, the Liturgy of the Word, consists of the reading or chanting of Isaiah 52:13-53:12, Hebrews 4:14-16, 5:7-9, and the Passion account from the Gospel of John, which is often divided between more than one singer or reader. This part concludes with a series of prayers: for the Church, the Pope, the clergy and laity of the Church, those preparing for baptism, the unity of Christians, the Jewish people, those who do not believe in Christ, those who do not believe in God, those in public office, those in special need.
The second part of the Good Friday liturgy is the Veneration of the Cross: a crucifix, not necessarily the one that is normally on or near the altar at other times, is solemnly displayed to the congregation and then venerated by them, individually if possible, while special chants are sung.
{In picture:Communion from the Blessed Sacrament on Good Friday (Our Lady of Lourdes, Philadelphia).}
The third and last part is Holy Communion according to a rite based on that of the final part of Mass, beginning with the Our Father, but omitting the ceremony of "Breaking of the Bread" and its related chant, the "Agnus Dei." The Eucharist, consecrated at the Mass of Holy Thursday is distributed at this service. Before the reform of Pope Pius XII, only the priest received Communion in the framework of what was called the "Mass of the Presanctified", which included the usual Offertory prayers, with the placing of wine in the chalice, but which omitted the Canon of the Mass.
Priest and people then depart in silence, and the altar cloth is removed, leaving the altar bare except for the cross and two or four candlesticks.
In addition to the prescribed liturgical service, the Stations of the Cross are often prayed either in the church or outside, and a prayer service may be held from midday to 3.00 p.m., known as the Three Hours' Agony. In countries such as Malta, Italy, Philippines, Puerto Rico and Spain, processions with statues representing the Passion of Christ are held.
In Polish churches, a tableau of Christ's Tomb is unveiled in the sanctuary. Many of the faithful spend long hours into the night grieving at the Tomb, where it is customary to kiss the wounds on the Lord's body. A life-size figure of Christ lying in his tomb is widely visited by the faithful, especially on Holy Saturday. The tableaux may include flowers, candles, figures of angels standing watch, and the three crosses atop Mt Calvary, and much more. Each parish strives to come up with the most artistically and religiously evocative arrangement in which the Blessed Sacrament, draped in a filmy veil, is prominently displayed.
Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ
The Roman Catholic tradition includes specific prayers and devotions as acts of reparation for the sufferings and insults that Jesus suffered during his Passion on Good Friday. These Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ do not involve a petition for a living or deceased beneficiary, but aim to repair the sins against Jesus. Some such prayers are provided in the Raccolta Catholic prayer book (approved by a Decree of 1854, and published by the Holy See in 1898) which also includes prayers as Acts of Reparation to the Virgin Mary.
In his encyclical Miserentissimus Redemptor on reparations, Pope Pius XI called Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ a duty for Catholics and referred to them as "some sort of compensation to be rendered for the injury" with respect to the sufferings of Jesus.
Pope John Paul II referred to Acts of Reparation as the "unceasing effort to stand beside the endless crosses on which the Son of God continues to be crucified"
An example: Malta
The Holy Week commemorations reach their peak on Good Friday as the Roman Catholic Church celebrates the passion of Jesus. Solemn celebrations take place in all churches together with processions in different villages around Malta and Gozo. During the celebration, the narrative of the passion is read in some localities. The Adoration of the Cross follows. Good Friday processions take place in Birgu, Bormla, Ghaxaq, Luqa, Mosta, Naxxar, Paola, Qormi, Rabat, Senglea, Valletta, Żebbuġ (Città Rohan) and Żejtun. Processions in Gozo will be in Nadur, Victoria (St. George and Cathedral), Xaghra and Żebbuġ, Gozo.
Source: Wikipedia
2009-03-31
250 Million Years in the Future: "Pangea Ultima"
At some point in time a subduction zone forms along one of the margins of the ocean. Ocean floor is now destroyed at about the same rate that it is created. During this period in an ocean's history, it neither grows nor contracts, much like the modern Pacific.
Eventually the mid-ocean ridge gets too close to one of the margins and is subducted. Now the ocean is in a period of decline. Because no new ocean floor is being created, the ocean must close.
250 million years in the future, the Atlantic and Indian oceans have closed. North America has collided with Africa, but in a more southerly position than where it rifted. South America is wrapped around the southern tip of Africa, with Patagonia in contact with Indonesia, enclosing a remanent of the Indian Ocean.
Antarctica is once again at the South Pole and the Pacific has grown wider, encircling half the Earth.
We call this future Pangea, "Pangea Ultima", because it is the final Pangea.
Source: Scotese
2009-03-23
Why does the Middle East dominate the headlines so often?
One obvious answer is oil, the lifeblood of modern economies. Without oil to run factories, heat homes, fuel transportation and provide energy and raw materials for thousands of uses, the economies of many nations would grind to a halt. The crucial importance of oil alone ensures that the Middle East will remain in the headlines for years.
But there's more that keeps the Middle East in the news. It is the birthplace of the world's three great monotheistic religions—Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Too often it has not been just their birthplace, but their battlefield, with adherents warring against each other for control of territory they consider holy.
Nowhere are these conflicts more obvious than in Israel, and specifically in Jerusalem. It's hard to imagine how so much history, religion and culture can collide and stand in literal heaps. Nowhere is this more evident than at the Temple Mount, flash point for many a conflict over the centuries.
Today one can watch Muslims praying at the Dome of the Rock atop the Temple Mount, Jews praying at the Western Wall barely a stone's throw below and Christians praying along the Via Dolorosa and at the Church of the Holy Sepulcher a few hundred yards to the north and west. And all around one sees the rubble of the centuries of conflict over this holy place.
Who will write the next chapter in the history of this troubled city? Believe it or not, the final chapters are already written—prophesied centuries ago in the pages of the Bible. Ominously, they mesh remarkably well with today's headlines.
2009-03-20
A New Era of National Security, 2001-2008
American Airlines Flight 11 had just left Boston and was climbing to its final flying altitude in the clear blue skies over central Massachusetts when a handful of Middle Eastern terrorists suddenly stormed the cockpit and took control of the aircraft.
It was 8:14 in the morning on September 11, 2001.
By 9:37 a.m., Flight 11 and two more hijacked planes had slammed into the twin towers of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. By 10:03, terrorists had dive-bombed a fourth plane into a rural field in Pennsylvania after its passengers and crew heroically rebelled. By 10:30, nearly 3,000 men, women, and children had been killed—many in the most horrific of ways, in fierce fireballs and falling towers.
In the world of crime, you’d call it first-degree murder: deliberate, premeditated, cold-blooded.
The terrorist attacks that unfolded on the morning of 9/11—carried out by al Qaeda operatives under orders from Usama bin Laden—were that and much more. They were the largest mass murder in American history, a calculated slaughter of civilians, an overt act of aggression and war that took more lives and did more damage than the sneak attack at Pearl Harbor.
For the FBI—and the nation—a new era of national security had begun.
That reality was certainly clear to Robert Mueller—the newly-minted director of the FBI. He’d walked in the door on September 4, 2001 with a mandate to reform and modernize the Bureau—particularly following debacles involving FBI agent-turned-Soviet mole Robert Hanssen, the botched Wen Ho Lee espionage investigation, and shoddy record-keeping in the Oklahoma City bombing case. But exactly one week later, his job description underwent a seismic shift.
On the morning of 9/11 and in the days that followed, Mueller focused the energies of the Bureau on the unfolding, around-the-clock investigation—soon to be the largest in its history, with a quarter of all FBI agents and personnel directly involved—and more importantly, into making sure that a second wave of terrorists wasn’t waiting in the wings to strike the country again.
The FBI succeeded on both counts. Agents and analysts identified the 19 hijackers within days, learned everything they could about them and the 9/11 plot, and gathered definitive proof linking the attacks to al Qaeda—all while helping to harden security vulnerabilities and prevent any further attacks.
But the Director also knew that when the dust settled, the FBI would never be the same again.
If 9/11 was a failure of imagination—as journalist Tom Friedman put it, referring to America’s inability to conceive of such a horrific plot—Mueller and his top brass recognized that they would have to re-imagine the FBI for the 21st century. The Bureau’s range of capabilities and its tactical response to the crime and crisis of the moment were still first rate, but the attacks showed that its strategic capabilities had to improve. The FBI needed to be more forward-leaning, more predictive, a step ahead of the next germinating threat. And most importantly, it needed to become adept at preventing terrorist attacks, not just investigating them after the fact.
The key to that new mandate, Director Mueller knew, was intelligence—the holy grail of national security work, the ability to collect and connect the dots, to know your enemies and the threats they pose inside and out, to arm everyone from leaders in the Oval Office to police officers on the street with information that enables them to stop terrorist and criminal plots before they are carried out.
The Bureau has been in the intelligence business since its earliest days. It used intelligence and intelligence-led strategies to knock out emerging threats in World War I; to dismantle Nazi and Soviet spy rings in the U.S. during World War II and the Cold War; to penetrate and take down entire organized crime families; and to head off dozens of terrorist plots before 9/11.
But, over the years, the FBI had often focused on making quick arrests rather than turning suspects into opportunities to collect every scrap of information about a threat…on developing comprehensive cases rather than on making prevention the overarching prime directive behind all cases. Because of longstanding neglect of information technology, the Bureau lacked the capacity to “know what it knows”—to turn all the bits of intelligence streaming in from around the world into meaningful assessments and actionable information. And it wasn’t generating nearly enough quality analysis or sharing information as much as it could both inside and outside its own walls.
In the weeks and months following the attacks, all of this began to change—in a big way. Working from its own conclusions and, later, from the comprehensive reports prepared by the 9/11 Commission and other independent bodies, the FBI immediately started reshaping itself into an intelligence-driven agency and strengthening its counterterrorism operations.
The pieces soon began falling into place.
Structurally, the entire counterterrorism operation was reorganized and expanded, with FBI Headquarters taking on oversight of terrorism cases nationwide to strengthen accountability and coordination with other agencies and governments. In September 2005, by presidential directive, this restructuring took another step forward with the creation of the National Security Branch, which consolidated FBI counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and intelligence responsibilities into a single “agency within an agency.”
Operationally, the FBI started adding and augmenting capabilities at every turn. At the field office level, the Bureau quickly doubled and ultimately tripled the number of its multi-agency Joint Terrorism Task Forces—teams of highly-trained, passionately-committed investigators, analysts, linguists, bomb experts and others from dozens of law enforcement and intelligence agencies—mandating them to run down any and all leads and to become intelligence-gathering hubs. Back in Washington, these task forces were supported by a new National Joint Terrorism Task Force working in the heart of FBI Headquarters to cycle information among local task forces and participating agencies. The FBI also created, for the first time, a dedicated team of financial experts to follow terrorist money trails and a global command center called “Counterterrorism Watch” to assimilate and triage emerging threats and suspicious activities. And it started using sophisticated risk assessments and tracking tools to stop terrorists at the border and to track their footprints within the United States.
Technologically, the Bureau began putting sophisticated new IT tools in the hands of its agents, analysts, and other professionals—from easily searchable electronic warehouses of terrorism data to a web-based information management system that makes it easier to keep tabs on cases and share and access records. New information pipelines were also built so that the FBI could speed classified materials along to its partners.
All the while, an intelligence-driven approach was being ingrained into the FBI in important new ways.
A new Office of Intelligence—later expanded into a full-fledged Directorate of Intelligence—was created in December 2001 to lay the right foundation: to standardize policies and processes; to recruit new talent and improve training; to develop career tracks for analysts; and to create reports officers who could scrub intelligence of sources and methods and share it far and wide. Within two years, new field intelligence groups had been established in every field office to take raw information from local cases and make big-picture sense of it, to fill gaps in national cases with local information, and to share their findings and assessments as widely as possible. The growing result was that the FBI really began to flex its intelligence muscle—creating more and better analytical products, sharing information more widely at all levels, connecting dots in ways it could have never done before.
One key breakthrough came at the hands of Congress and the courts. In part because of prevailing interpretations, a legal “wall” existed between intelligence and criminal investigations prior to 9/11—which kept FBI agents and analysts in the dark about the work of their own colleagues and prevented important evidence from ever reaching the courtroom. Following the attacks, thanks to new legislation and court decisions, that wall came down, and the impact has been profound. The Bureau is now free to coordinate intelligence operations and criminal cases and to use the full range of investigative tools against a suspected terrorist. The right hand now knows what the left hand is doing—an imperative for prevention.
Another imperative is partnerships. The FBI has spent a century building many positive law enforcement and intelligence-based relationships across every level of government and even across borders. Since 9/11, thanks to a new collective determination to defeat terrorism and the growing globalization of crime, these relationships are broader and deeper than ever before. They’ve improved at every level: with state, local, and tribal law enforcement; with foreign governments; with intelligence community partners like the CIA; with the U.S. military; and with the private sector and academia. Today, more information and intelligence is shared more freely with more partners. More agents and officers and analysts physically sit together, including in dozens of intelligence fusion centers nationwide and in the new multi-agency National Counterterrorism Center. Joint investigations and joint task forces are the norm, especially in the U.S. and increasingly overseas, and the FBI is working alongside U.S. forces in war zones overseas for the first time in history. Effective partnerships don’t make news, but they have truly been a game changer for the FBI and its colleagues across the globe.
The cumulative impact of all these changes and reforms has been some major operational successes in the U.S. and overseas. Sometimes by providing vital bits of intelligence, sometimes by joining dangerous raids overseas, the FBI has helped capture key al Qaeda leaders—from 9/11 mastermind Khalid Shaikh Mohammed to operations chief Abu Zubaydah—in Pakistan and elsewhere. Quite often, one terrorist has led to another and to another—yielding new streams of intelligence on terrorist threats and leads that exposed operatives and cells, some in the process of planning attacks.
Most importantly, the Bureau’s work helped prevent dozens of terrorist strikes around the globe—in ways that could not always be made public. Working through its terrorism task forces, the FBI stopped homegrown plots to bomb military bases and Jewish synagogues in Los Angeles; to blow up fuel tanks at J.F.K. Airport in New York; to shoot up soldiers at Fort Dix in New Jersey; and to attack suburban malls in Illinois and Ohio. It rolled up cells in places like Buffalo, Portland, and Northern Virginia. And it helped put behind bars extremists like Richard Reid, the so-called “Shoe Bomber,” who attempted to blow up an airliner in mid-flight over the Atlantic Ocean; Iyman Faris, an Ohio truck driver who was feeding information on U.S. targets to al Qaeda; and a variety of other terrorist supporters and financiers.
Even as the Bureau was making terrorism its top priority—and fundamentally changing the way it does business—its traditional criminal threats were mutating and growing in dangerous ways and demanding plenty of attention of their own. Street gangs—as destructive and violent as ever—were multiplying and migrating to new parts of the nation. Accounting shenanigans in corporate suites led to the fall of some big businesses—Enron, WorldCom, Qwest, to name a few—ringing up tens of billions of dollars in shareholder losses along the way. Public corruption, deemed the FBI’s top criminal priority because it tears at the fabric of American democracy, continued to rear its ugly head, with FBI cases finding evidence of graft and greed among sitting U.S. Congressmen, state governors, and big city mayors. Even levels of violent crime, long in decline nationwide, crept upward in many cities for a few years starting in 2004.
In the days following 9/11, the FBI had to make some hard choices about resources. Its prevention and counterterrorism mandates required it to move more than a thousand agents to national security programs. This meant that the FBI had to leave some crimes—like local bank robberies, smaller ticket frauds, and certain drug investigations—to its partners.
Early on, Director Mueller decided that the Bureau’s role on the criminal side of the house had to shift to targeting the largest threats—the major national and international illicit enterprises and mega-crimes that the FBI is best suited to address. Its strategy, as in counterterrorism, has been to let intelligence lead the way and to leverage the expertise of its many partners.
This strategy has been visible in just about every investigative program—from the new Law Enforcement Retail Partnership Network that tackles the burgeoning problem of organized retail theft…to the National Gang Intelligence Center that targets the most dangerous street gangs using integrated information from around the world…to the raft of new and improved cyber programs, initiatives, and multi-national alliances that tap into the collective wisdom of the public and private sectors.
On a larger scale, the Bureau began accelerating its evolution into a single, unified law enforcement and intelligence enterprise by standardizing operations and processes in the field and integrating intelligence activities into all investigative efforts. Each Bureau field office was tasked to systematically identify threats and vulnerabilities in their domain, to proactively direct resources to collect against those threats, to quickly share information with partners locally and nationally, and to evaluate the implications of that information on the larger threat picture. Through this continuous intelligence cycle and feedback loop, the FBI has been better able to adapt itself to emerging and evolving threats.
In the seven years following the 9/11 attacks, the Bureau has come a long way. It has taken its counterterrorism capabilities to an entirely new level. It has built the strongest set of multi-agency and multi-national partnerships in its history. It has created a set of modern tools and technologies for its agents and professional staff. As a result, the FBI has become an agency that is skilled at both preventing and investigating attacks—and at using intelligence to be a step ahead of the bad guys. Despite the nearly constant adjustments the Bureau has made over the past century, the post 9/11 shift has represented one of the most dynamic transformations in the history of the FBI.
And yet, the FBI realizes that the journey is far from over. There are more improvements to make, more technologies to be rolled out, more scientific tools to be pioneered, more capabilities to be developed and refined. And if the Bureau has learned anything over the last 100 years, it is that there is always a new security threat just around the corner. In the FBI’s business, there is no room for complacency.
What will the next century bring for the FBI? Only time will tell, but the men and women of the Bureau move forward building on a solid foundation—on a century’s worth of innovation and leadership, on a track record of crime-fighting that is perhaps second to none. Along the way, the FBI has shown that it is resilient and adaptable, able to learn from its mistakes. It has built up a full complement of investigative and intelligence capabilities that can be applied to any threat. And it has gained plenty of experience in balancing the use of its law enforcement powers with the need to uphold the cherished rights and freedoms of the American people.
The FBI can look back proudly on a long history of protecting the people and defending the nation…and it can look confidently to the future, ready for the challenges ahead.
Centennial birthday of U Thant
Yangon - Relatives of Myanmar's former United Nations secretary general U Thant were scheduled to commemorate the centennial birthday of the controversial Burmese national hero on Thursday. The birthday anniversary celebration was to be organized Thursday evening by the U Thant Institute and Aye Aye Thant, daughter of U Thant, who is also the president of the institute.
Opposition politicians, UN representatives, foreign diplomats and government officials have been invited to the event, sources said.
According to the programme, Bishow Parajuli, the resident UN humanitarian coordinator, will read out a message from UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon at the ceremony.
Such events require official permission in Myanmar, which is ruled by a military junta. The permission to hold a party commemorating U Thant's centennial anniversary came amid unconfirmed reports that UN special envoy to Myanmar Ibrahim Gambari has planning to visit the country before the end of January.
Gambari's last visit in August, 2008, proved a disappointment, as he was denied meetings with both junta chief Senior General Than Shwe and opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi, who has been under house arrest since May, 2003.
The UN has made little progress in pushing the junta towards freeing Suu Kyi and over 2,000 political prisoners and introducing democratic reforms.
U Thant, one of the few Burmese to reach international stature, remains a controversial figure in military-controlled Myanmar, also known as Burma.
U Thant served as the third secretary general of the United Nations, from 1961 to 1971. He was widely credited for his successful efforts for defusing Cuba's Missile Crisis and ending Congo's civil war during his term.
Born in Pantanaw town, in the Irrawaddy delta region, on January 22, 1909, U Thant died on November 25, 1974, while living abroad in self-exile.
When his body was brought back to Yangon, then called Rangoon, for burial former military dictator General Ne Win refused it national honours.
University students snatched U Thant's coffin as it was heading for an ordinary burial on December 5, 1974, and took it to the Rangoon University Student Union grounds, turning the funeral into an anti-Ne Win uprising.
On 11 December 1974, troops stormed the university campus, dug out U Thant's coffin and reburied it at the current mausoleum at the foot of famous Shwedagon pagoda. Many student were killed in the incident, marking one of the first serious uprisings against Ne Win.
Mummies
1. So what the hell is a mummy?
A lovely woman who makes roast potatoes, clealy. But the terms also refers to the body of a person or animal who has been preserved after death. Usually when you shuffle off this mortal coil, bacteria and other famished germs chow down on your soft tissue, leaving only bones to confirm your existence. Mummifications stops this.
2. How come they've been found in France and Peru? They came from Egypt didn't they?
Thought the Egyptians were arguably the daddies when it came to mummies, and the one chilling in a French museum basement was originally from the land of the Pharaohs, numerous other cultures liked to pickle their love ones. In Europe we chucked bodies into bogs to preserve them. While the chinchorros people of Chile were mummifying to an A-Star standard when the Egyptians were still in nappies.
3. How exactly do you mummify someone?
European crossed their fingers that the acidity of the water in the bogs and lack of oxygen would preserve them (it worked-the Tollund man from Denmark is 6,000 and still has skin). The Egyptians were a bit more scientific. A large incision was made on the left side of the abdomen to remove the organs, while the brain was pulled out od the nose using hook. Once removed, the organs were wrapped and placed in jars.
4. And what about the rest?
After being dried in a bed of salt, the body was washed, stuffed and shaped back to its normal size and open wounds were sealed with wax. Both men and women would be coloured with ochre, before a metal plate decorated with symbols of protection was rested ipon the body. Finally, the cadaver would be wrapped in linen.
5. Why bother?
Eternal life. This especially mattered to the Egyptians who belived that without a perfectly preserve body, your soul would be left wandering the afterlife.
6. Was it only the rich who got the treatment?
No, the poor were wrapped too - only in quicker, cruder, Tesco value fashion. Plus, in ancient Egypt, our feline brethren got a sour deal. Bred en masse, said cats would have their necks broken before being mummified and sold as offering to the goddness Bast.
7. Mummies were also curse, right?
Some would agree - if they weren't dead. In 1922, Howard Carter discovered the body of the Tutankhamun in Egypt's Valley of the Kings. People belived there would be dire consequences for those who entered the tomb and sure enough, seven weeks later, the trip's financier Lord Carnarvon died mysteriously. Carter, however, survived dor another 17 years, leding the curse to be called in question... untill Hollywood got on in the act.
8. Can you still get mummified?
You certainly can. Although cryogenic freezing has become the in-vogue preservation method, a 30-odd-year-old religion called Summum ( think Scientology but swap aliens for Egypt ) still indulge. The Summum believe that the body has an essence that remains after the physical entity has departed. They've modernised mummification though. Instead of using salt, they submerge the corpse in chemicals. This works so well they claim DNA could be extracted and used to clone you in years to come.
For Him Magazine
Dec '08
2009-03-19
Celebrating Lincoln's birth across the country
"It is an honor to be here: a place where Lincoln served, was inaugurated, and where the nation he saved bid him a last farewell," Obama said at the Capitol on Thursday.
"As we mark the bicentennial of our 16th president's birth, I cannot claim to know as much about his life and works as many who are also speaking today, but I can say that I feel a special gratitude to this singular figure who in so many ways made my own story possible -- and who in so many ways made America's story possible."
White House officials say Obama's speechwriter had several conversations with historian Doris Kearns Goodwin in crafting the speech.
"At a moment when we are far less divided than in Lincoln's day but when we are once again debating the critical issues of our time -- and debating them sometimes fiercely -- let us remember that we are doing so as servants of the same flag, as representatives of the same people and as stakeholders in a common future. That is the most fitting tribute we can pay and the most lasting monument we can build to that most remarkable of men, Abraham Lincoln," Obama said.
Obama will also speak later Thursday at an event in Springfield.
Throughout the 2008 presidential campaign, Obama -- a Democrat who hails from the Land of Lincoln -- reminded audiences from coast to coast about the similarities between himself and the beloved political leader.
At his presidential acceptance speech in Chicago, Illinois, on November 4,
Obama used Lincoln as a guide for his ideology.
"As Lincoln said to a nation far more divided than ours, 'We are not enemies but friends. ... Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection,' " Obama said.
In Washington, a congressional tribute took place at the Capitol rotunda.
Illinois senior Sen. Dick Durbin, a Democrat, gave the keynote address.
At the end, a wreath was placed at the Capitol.
The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum in Springfield also opened its doors Thursday for a special celebration, featuring original documents including the Gettysburg Address.
Meanwhile, the Library of Congress marks the bicentennial Thursday by opening a special exhibit featuring Lincoln's handwritten speeches and artifacts, including the Bible used last month by Obama during his swearing-in.
"This exhibit, in a little more than 200 items, presents Lincoln, the man and the politician," said John Sellers, curator of the exhibit, which runs through May 9.
Lincoln successfully fought a proposal for legalized slavery as development spread to the Western United States, and he eventually brought an end to slavery throughout the country.
Among the manuscripts on display is a letter he wrote in impassioned defense of his Emancipation Proclamation.
The librarian of Congress, James Billington, acknowledges that the materials are available on the Internet in "digitized" form, but he said "there is something about seeing the original because, after all, Lincoln was a man of words, of rare eloquences."
"His words changed history," Billington said.
The exhibit at the Library of Congress -- on Capitol Hill next to the U.S. Supreme Court -- was in the works for Lincoln's bicentennial long before the presidential campaign in which voters elected Obama.
Billington said the exhibition is all the more profound as visitors explore the links between the anti-slavery Lincoln and the African-American Obama.
There are also grim reminders of Lincoln's assassination. An original "wanted" poster with large black letters reads: "$100,000 Reward. The murderer is still at large."
The poster includes a photograph of John Wilkes Booth, who was on the run after being accused of firing the fatal shots at Ford's Theatre in Washington, where Lincoln was attending a play.
"This is the autopsy report," Sellers noted during the preview. "Those are actual blood stains -- Lincoln's blood."
Other, more lighthearted artifacts are also on display, including an 1860 letter from a girl urging presidential candidate Lincoln to grow a beard to help his prospects with voters.
2009-03-18
The Lost City - Ur
Ur (Sumerian:urim ; Akkadian:?) is modern Tell el-Mukayyar, Iraq, and was a city in ancient Sumer. Once a coastal city near the mouth of the then Euphrates river on the Persian Gulf, Ur is now well inland. Currently, Ur is south of the Euphrates on its right bank, 16 kilometres (9.9 miles) from Nasiriyah, Iraq and close to the site of ancient Eridu.
The site is marked by the ruins of a ziggurat, still largely intact, and by settlement mounds. The ziggurat of Ur was a temple of Nanna, the moon deity in Sumerian mythology, and has two stages constructed from brick: in the lower stage the bricks are joined together with bitumen, in the upper stage they are joined with mortar. The temple was built in 2100 B.C. during the reign of Ur-Nammu. The temple stands 70 feet (21 m) high.
Ur was inhabited in the earliest stage of village settlement in southern Mesopotamia, the Ubaid period. However, it later appears to have been abandoned for a time. Scholars believe that, as the climate changed from relatively damp to drought in the early 3rd millennium BC, the small farming villages of the Ubaid culture consolidated into larger settlements, arising from the need for large-scale, centralized irrigation works to survive the dry spells. Ur became one such center, and by around 2600 BC, in the Sumerian Early Dynastic Period III, the city was again thriving. Ur by this time was considered sacred to the god called Nanna (Sumerian) or Sin (Akkadian).Biblical Ur
Ur is considered by many to be the city of Ur Kasdim mentioned in the Book of Genesis as the birthplace of the patriarch Abram (Abraham).
Ur is mentioned four times in the Tanakh or Old Testament, with the distinction "of the Kasdim/Kasdin"—traditionally rendered in English as "Ur of the Chaldees", referring to the Chaldeans, who were already settled there by around 900 BC. The name is found in Genesis 11:28, Genesis 11:31, and Genesis 15:7. In Nehemiah 9:7, a single passage mentioning Ur is a paraphrase of Genesis. (Nehemiah 9:7)
The Book of Jubilees states that Ur was founded in 1688 Anno Mundi (year of the world) by 'Ur son of Kesed, presumably the offspring of Arphaxad, adding that in this same year wars began on Earth.
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"And 'Ur, the son of Kesed, built the city of 'Ara of the Chaldees, and called its name after his own name and the name of his father." (i.e., Ur Kesdim) (Jubilees 11:3).
Archaeological Remains
Some of the areas that were cleared during modern excavations have sanded over again.
The Great Ziggurat is fully cleared and stands as the best-preserved and only major structure on the site. The top is covered with debris and is at times a confusing mix of loose stones, broken pottery and partial reconstruction.
The famous Royal tombs, also called the Neo-Sumerian Mausolea, located about 250 metres (820 ft) south-east of the Great Ziggurat in the corner of the wall that surrounds the city, is nearly totally cleared. Parts of the tomb area appear to be in need of structural consolidation or stabilization.
There are cuneiform (Sumerian writing) on many walls, some entirely covered in script stamped into the mud-bricks. The text is sometimes difficult to read, but it covers most surfaces.
Modern graffiti has also found its way to the graves, usually in the form of names made with coloured pens (sometimes they are carved). The Great Ziggurat itself has far more graffiti, mostly lightly carved into the bricks.
The graves are completely empty. A small number of the tombs are accessible. Most of them have been cordoned off.
The whole site is covered with pottery debris, to the extent that it is virtually impossible to set foot anywhere without stepping on some. Some have colours and paintings on them. Some of the "mountains" of broken pottery are debris that has been removed from excavations.
Pottery debris and human remains form many of the walls of the royal tombs area. It can only be speculated whether this is of ancient making or modern restoration, but it is a fact that they are, literally, filled up with pottery debris.
Source : Wikipedia
Jerusalem is Israel's capital
By- Abbeyjoy (Abbeyjoy)
Let’s get the facts – not anti-semitic, anti-Israel, pro-"Palestinian” opinions and lies – straight. And, after reading the following, should anyone dispute what I’m writing, check the history books and not those financed by the Arabs or Google – or the book, “From Time Immemorial”.
Until the end of WWI, and for hundreds of years prior, Turkey (the Ottoman Empire) controlled the Middle East. As a spoils of war, the British Mandate, gave what is now Israel, the West Bank, the Golan, and Gaza to the Jews, and what is now Jordan, to the Arabs (now called “Palestinians”, so dubbed by Arafat in 1967). Then, Churchill divided the land set aside for the Jews even more, giving parts of it to the Arabs as well. When Israel declared it’s independence as a state in 1948, accepting the tiny sliver of itself, 5 Arab countries went to war against it, “to drive the Jews to the sea.” Obviously, they weren’t successful. However, Syria took Golan, Egypt took Gaza, and Jordan took the West Bank and East Jerusalem. (By the way, there was no clamor for a “Palestinian” state during the years of Egyptian/Jordanian OCCUPATION, nor was there any voluntary giving it back to the “Palestinians.”)
Until 1967, when the Arabs decided again to try to “wrest ‘Palestine’ from the ‘infidels’”, and waged an attack on Israel again, Jews were not allowed into any of the Arab held lands, including East Jerusalem. In fact, they had been expelled by most of the Arab countries in 1948, having to leave their monies, homes, and businesses behind. Anyone want to talk about a refugee problem? Actually, there is no refugee problem amongst the Jews, because Israel took them in and settled them. The only reason there are Arab refugees is because at the start of the 1948 War, Arab leaders told those living in Israel to leave under threat of death, and that once the Arabs had driven the Jews to the sea, then they could go back to their homes. Sadly, the Israelis had begged the Arabs to stay and become citizens of Israel.
Anyway, the Arabs lost and instead of allowing the refugees to settle in the Arab countries, they put their own brothers into camps, where hatred and poverty were intentionally incubated, using these Arabs as pawns in their sick game. Anyway, in 1967, the Israelis took Gaza, Golan, East Jerusalem, and the West Bank. Except for East Jerusalem, the Israelis took the aforementioned areas because it was being attacked from them on a rather continual basis – just like the rockets coming from Gaza as soon as Israel gave it to the “Palestinians” in 2005. (Some things never change).
Jerusalem means nothing to the Arabs, in reality. They only have made a big deal about it since Israel was reborn. Their major religious cities are Mecca and Medina. They make no, nor have they ever, made any pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Only because the Jews are there, has it become a city of value to them. Yes, they built that well-known mosque which happens to sit on top of the First and Second Temples, back when they conquered and very temporarily held that area in the 700s.
Jerusalem is the capital of Israel. It’s been the capital of the Jewish people from Biblical times, and the Bible says that should Jews forget this city, their right arm should come off. Every year at Passover, every since the Romans plundered it and stole it from the Jews, renaming Israel “Palestine”, the prayers say, “Next year in Jerusalem.”
Since when in the history of the world, by the way, has any city’s capital been questioned? But never mind. Twice now since 1973 (when the Arabs made another unsuccessful attempt at throwing the Jews into the sea, the Israeli government has actually offered East Jerusalem to the Arabs. No one’s arm fell off, but Arafat said, “No thank you.” I’d rather wage an intifada against you instead. Olmert for that matter, offered 90% of all of tiny, miniscule Israel to the Arabs and nope, they turned him down as well. They don’t want peace. They don’t want to share Jerusalem or the microscopic piece of land that the Jews have made bloom as in Biblical days. They want it so that they can destroy it, just like in ancient times, just like the Gaza, when they tore apart all those green houses that the Jews had left for them so that they could continue to make a living for themselves. Oh, I forgot, the Arabs would rather take welfare, commonly called “donations” from the UN.
Largest Cities Through History
| City | Year Became #1 |
Population Information |
| Memphis, Egypt | 3100 BCE | Well over 30,000 |
| Akkad, Babylonia (Iraq) | 2240 | |
| Lagash, Babylonia (Iraq) | 2075 | |
| Ur, Babylonia (Iraq) | 2030 | 65,000 |
| Thebes, Egypt | 1980 | |
| Babylon, Babylonia (Iraq) | 1770 | |
| Avaris, Egypt | 1670 | |
| Memphis, Egypt | 1557 | |
| Thebes, Egypt | 1400 | |
| Nineveh, Assyria (Iraq) | 668 | |
| Babylon, Babylonia (Iraq) | 612 | First above 200,000 |
| Alexandria | 320 | |
| Pataliputra (Patna), India | 300 | |
| Changan (Xi'an), China | 195 | 400,000 |
| Rome | 25 | 450,000 (100 CE) |
| Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey | 340 CE | 400,000 (500) |
| Ctesiphon, Iraq | 570 | |
| Changan (Xi'an), China | 637 | 400,000 (622); 600,000 (800) |
| Baghdad, Iraq | 775 | First over 1 million; 700,000 (800) |
| Cordova, Spain | 935 | |
| Kaifeng, China | 1013 | 400,000 (1000); 442,000 (1100) |
| Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey | 1127 | |
| Merv (Mary), Turkmenistan | 1145 | 200,000 (1150) |
| Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey | 1153 | |
| Fez (Fes), Morocco | 1170 | |
| Hangzhou, China | 1180 | 255,000 (1200); 320,000 (1250) |
| Cairo, Egypt | 1315 | |
| Hangzhou, China | 1348 | 432,000 (1350) |
| Nanking, China | 1358 | 487,000 (1400) |
| Beijing, China | 1425 | 600,000 (1450); 672,000 (1500) |
| Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey | 1650 | 700,000 (1650 & 1700) |
| Beijing, China | 1710 | 900,000 (1750); 1.1 million (1800) |
| London, United Kingdom | 1825 | First over 5 million; 1.35 million (1825); 2.32 million (1850); 4.241 million (1875); 6.480 million (1900) |
| New York | 1925 | First over 10 million; 7.774 million (1925), 12.463 million (1950) |
| Tokyo | 1965 | First over 20 million; 23 million (1975) |
U Thant : The 3rd Secretary-General of UN
A chawhma lam hun
U Po Hnit leh Daw Nan Thaung te fapa upa ber niin January 22, 1909 khan, Pantanaw town, Pathein District, Ayeyarwady Division, Burma, British India-ah a lo piang. An khuaah hian pawl sawm thleng a kaia, University College, Rangoon-ah History Subject lain a chhunzawm. An chhungkua hi Buddhist sakhua bia an ni. Lo nei mi an ni a, a pa hi Buhfai lama sumdawng a ni. Vanduai thlak takin U Thant-a kum 14 mi a nihin a pain a thihsan. University-a a zir zawh veleh hian an khaw lamah a haw a, sorkar school zirtirtuah a tang ve. Kum 25 a nihin School headmaster hna a thawk tan. Hetih lai hian U Nu-a (prime minister hmasa ber lo ni tur) nen in thian tha tak an ni. U Nu-a hi Maubin township State School Superintendent (myone pyinyayihmu) a thawk ve mek bawk. A hming lemah "thilawa" phuahin U Thant-a hian newspaper leh magazine-ah te lehkha ziak a tui hle. Lehkha bu tha hnem tak pawh a letling bawk.
A awm chhoh zel dan
Burma ramin 1948 kumah independent a lo laa, U Nu-a Prime Minister (PM) a lo nihin U Thant-a hi Director of Broadcasting hna a chelh tir. A kum lehah Ministry of Information-ah Secretary hna thawktu atan an thlang. Prime Minister U Nu-a Secretary hna hi 1951-1957 thleng a chelh. PM ram dang a veivah dan tur ruahman leh ram dangmi lo kal lo dawngsawngtu hnate a thawk bawk. Asia huap, khawvel huap conference chi hrang hrangah te pawh a kal ve cham chi. Non-Aligned Movement tichhuaktu tur, Asian-African summit hmasa ber Bandung, Indonesia, 1955 ah pawh khan Secretary hna a chelh. Heng hun lai hi chuan PM U Nu-a advisor leh a rin ber a ni nghe nghe. 1957 atang 1961 thleng Burma atang UN Palai (Permanent Representative) hna a thawk. Algerian independent tur chungchangah pawh tha tho taka lo sawngbawlpuituah a tang ve a ni. 1960 ah hian Burma sorkarin "Maha Thray Sithu" chawimawina "Pyidaungsu Sithu Thingaha" (sap-in 'Order of Knights' an tih nena in level) nihna an hlan.
UN Secretary-General hna
UN Secretary-General pahnihna Dag Hammarskjold-a thlawhna chuang lai a tlak hlum tak avangin Security Council recomand-nain General Assembly-in November 3, 1961 khan U Thant-a hi Acting Secretary atan an thlang. Tichuan, a nakum November 30, 1962 ah Security Council recomand-na bawkin UN Sec-Gen pathumna atan UN General Assembly-in an thlang. He tih chhung hian hna puitling a thawk teuh mai. Cuban Missile Crisis thu hlate, Congo civil war thuhlate a ching fel. A term hnihna pawh Security Council recomand-na bawkin General Assembly-in December 2, 1966 khan a thlang nawn leh. A term hnihna December 31, 1971 ah a zo ang. A hun chhung hian Africa khawmual lamah pawh hna a thawk tha hle. UN development lam leh environmental lam Agency chi hrang hrang pawh an din. Chung zinga a thente chu UN Development Programme (UNDP), UN University (UNU), UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) leh UN Environmental Programme.
Arab leh Israel inkara "The Six Day War" ah te, Prague Spring an tihah te, 1971 kuma Indo-Pakistani War ah te amah avangin hlawhtlinna tam tak an hmu. Washington leh Hanoi, Vietnam inkarah pawn US hotute nen inremna, intihthiamtawnnate a siam. SecretaryGeneral a thawh chhung hian ram hrang hrang tan thil chhinchhiah tlak tak tak a thawk teuh a ni. He hna a thawh chhung zawng hian Riverdale, Bronx, 4 3/4 acre-a zau hmun, Palisade leh Douglas Avenues inkar inah a cheng. The New York Times chanchin bu pawh an fak hle. December 27, 1971 kuma an chhuah editorial ah thupui "The Liberation of U Thant" tih vuahin, " the wise counsel of this dedicated man of peace will still be needed after his retirement " an ti hial a ni.
A thih thu
U Thant-a hi November 25, 1974 khan New York khawpuiah Chuap Cancer natnain a boral. Hetih hun hi Burma ramah Ne Win-a (Burma rama sipai sorkarna tantu) a lal lai tak a ni. Ne Win-a hian U Thant-a hi a hmu thei lo hle. Thikna a nei tlat. A ram hminga chawimawina hlan pawh a duh lo. U Thant-a vuinaah pawh officer-te tel ve lo turin leh a vuina pawh chu official taka ti lo turin a khap a ni. A ruang New York khawpuia UN headquarters atang thlawhnain Rangoon Airport an rawn thlenpui pawh khan sorkar hruaitute hmuah a hlawh lo. Thlawhna atanga a kuang (coffin) hlan thlak vel pawh officer deuhte leh a vengtu deuhte an tel lo. A ruang December 5, 1974 ah a rawn thlenga hmun danga an sawngbawlpui hmain mipui tan tiin Rangoon Kyaikasan-ah an dah rih. Mipui a sing telin kawngah an intlar put mai. U Thant-a ruang chu tun hmaa Rangoon University Student Union hmun (July 8, 1962 kuma Ne Wina'n a nawr chhiat sak tak) ah an phum. December 5-11, 1974 chhung hian School naupang hovin U Thant-a mausoleum an saa, tah chuan thute an sawiho thin. Politic lam sawihona atan te an hmang. December 11, 1974 zing lamah Sipai
sorkarin sipaiho then khat tirin a va chawhdarh tira tih hlumte pawh a nei. Tichuan, U Thant-a kuang chu an lak chhuah saka Shwedagon Pagoda bulah an phum sak. Chu chu tun thlenga an zalhna hmun a ni ta (Picture : U Thant-a tun thlenga an zalhna hmun). Sipaiho rawn tih dan chu a lo thang chhova, school naupang leh mipui an lungawi ta lo. School naupang huaihawtnain Rangoon khawlaiah kawng an zawh ta mup mup mai. Sipai sorkarna in Rangoon vuakvet velah Martial Law a puang ta. He thil thleng hi khawvelah " U Thant Crisis " tiin hriat a rawn hlawh. A nupui Daw Thein Tin-i nen fanu pakhat an nei. Tu mawng li leh tuchhawng mawng thum a beng. A tupa neihchhun Thant Myint U-a hi UN Departmnet of Political Affairs-ah senior official a ni a, historian leh " The River of Lost Footsteps " ah author a ni bawk.
A hming chawinate
- U Thant Peace Award : U Thant-a thih hnuah Sri Chinmoy Kumar Ghose, India miin U Thant-a hming chawia a buatsaih a ni. 1982 atang he lawmman hi an hlan tan.
- Jalan U Thant : Malaysia rama embussy hmun kawng pakhat hming atan, a hming chawia an sak a ni.
- U Thant Honorary : UN University (UNU) Headquarters, Tokyo, Japan hian kumtin U Thant Honorary hi an buatsaih a ni.
- U Thant Scholar : UN International School faculty vote nain U Thant Scholar hi an thlang thin. 2008-2009 atana U Thant Scholar, Maya Kurien.
- U Thant Island : UN Headquarters hma chhawna awm, East River ami thliarkar te takte chu 'U Thant Island' tiin an chawi.
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